5.12

• The restriction enzyme is able to cut the DNA.
• A cut in the DNA in a particular spot creates a restriction to the enzyme. 
• The DNA ligase joins them together. 
• The restriction enzyme cuts and the ligase enzyme joins

5.11

• Farmers collect the milk but leaves part of it to breed more cows.
• A few cows would produce 50 ml but other can produce 150 ml but the average for a cow is 100 ml.
• Cows produce high yield so the breeding population can become selective.
• The next generation of cows will produce more milk.
• The milk yield would be genetic which means that the farmer will select one with good characteristics to breed.

5.10

• Farmer harvests grain but 10 of those are chosen for breeding. 
• Plants either have 6,8 or 10 grains per stem which is chosen for breeding. 
• The amount of grains will increase to 8,10 or 12 in time for breeding. 
• If the amount of rice increases so does the yield. 
• The harvest would select 12 grains for breeding.

5.8

The reaction vessel is where the fermentation occurs. Fermenters are used to give the reaction optimum conditions.

5.7

• The milk sugar are converted into lactic acid which is brought about by 45-46 degrees and to add the lactobacillus. 
• Lactobacillus produces enzymes and which then becomes milk protein. 
• The cow produces the milk. 
• Milk is pasteurized which kills and pathogens that could possibly affect the milk. 
• This then solidifies and becomes yoghurt. 

5.5

• Yeast is made from starch, amylase, maltose, maltase and glucose.
• Starch comes from barleys seeds, wheat seeds and rice.
• Glucose comes from starch.
• Starch is converted from maltose and from maltose to glucose.
• This is the process of sugar.

5.4

• Pesticides easy to apply and obtain, are they are very effective
• Disadvantages- Toxic, which can harm plants, animals and humans 
• Biological Control doesn't harm wildlife and they don't contain toxic
• Disadvantages- Not fully effective, hard to control and can take a long time 
• Biological control in reducing the population on pests

5.3

• Fertilization take the form from nitrates or phosphates
• These compounds are taken up by the roots 
• Artificial:
• Potassium Nitrate and Ammonium nitrate
• They will go into the soil water which is collected by roots
• Organic:
• Produced from animal waste--> Cow feces, Horse feces
• Gives the plant nitrates and phosphates

5.2

• An increased rate in photosynthesis increase means that there will we a higher yield
• Theres an optimum temperature along the graph
• Increasing in temperature will also increase the rate of reaction of enzymes
• Increase in temperature can also help avoid frost damage
• Increased concentration in CO2 is substrate

5.1

• Light is absorbed by surfaces inside the glasshouse also know as a greenhouse
• Light penetrates the glass into the greenhouse
• The heat warms the air which makes the temperature inside the glasshouse increase
• Warm air then becomes trapped inside the glasshouse
• Solar radiation is the main source of energy in light

2.85 Reflexes

• Sensory neurons connect to motor neurons through interneurons in the Central Nervous System.
• The sensory neuron carries the message from the receptor to the motor neuron which carries the message to the effector to make the interneurons work.

2.84 Responses

• A reflex is an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought.
• The sensory nerve sends an electrical impulse to the Central Nervous System.
• The motor nerve sends the signal to the effector and your body reacts to it.

2.83 Central Nervous System

• The Central Nervous System consists of the Spinal Cord and the Brain.  
• Nerves are linked to the spinal cord which carry electrical impulses sent by the brain to sense organs by nerves.

2.82 Communication

• The nerve impulse is carried along inside the nerve from the cell body to the Synaptic Knob where it connects to the muscle.
• In mammals the axon is surrounded by a Schwann Cell which contains a great deal of fat.
• The Myelin Sheath increases nerve conduction.
• The endocrine gland produces a chemical known as a hormone.
• Hormones can be proteins or steroids eg. Adrenal Gland.

2.77b Thermoregulation

• The Negative feedback loop is a method of control and retaining constant conditions.
• The average body temperature of a human is 37/38 degrees centigrade. 
• The hypothalamus responds to a stimulus which is the temperature of the body or blood. 
• Body temperature feeds into the brain and is compared to the theoretical level of control.
• If the body temperature needs to be increased of decreased then it is brought about through the action of the effector such as the skin.

2.77a Thermoregulation

• Homeothermic: Same Temperature.
• Homeostasis: Conditions are kept the same or are constant.
• If the environmental temperature increases or decreases a mouse's body temperature remains constant.
• Homeothermic carries out a process called Thermoregulation.
• Mammals remain the same body temperature. 

2.76 Sensitivity

• Sensitivity is the characteristic of the organisms respond to changes in their environment. 
• Changes in the environment include: Light, temperature, pressure and chemical.
• Organisms are required to have receptors and effectors such as muscles and glands.
• Response is used to survive the changes in the environment.